Diamine Oxidase From Porcine Kidney

Is DAO made in the kidneys?

Diamine oxidase (DAO) can be generated in the kidneys, and it is also known as renal amine oxidase (KAO) in the kidneys. However, DAO is not only made in the kidneys, it is mainly secreted by mucosal cells in the intestine, and the placenta can also produce this enzyme. Its core function is to metabolize the ingested histamine, which can be broken down before it is absorbed by the body

Mechanism of action

· DAO is located primarily in the intestinal mucosa
Diamine oxidase is expressed on the extracellular surface of enterocytes in the small intestine, where it acts as the body's first-line defense against dietary biogenic amines.

· DAO catalyzes the oxidative deamination of histamine
DAO enzymatically converts histamine and other diamines into inactive metabolites through an oxidation reaction.

· istamine is degraded before systemic absorption
By breaking down histamine in the intestinal lumen, DAO prevents excessive histamine from crossing the intestinal barrier into the bloodstream.

· Reduced histamine receptor activation
Lower circulating histamine levels result in reduced activation of histamine receptors (H1–H4) in target tissues.

· Maintenance of histamine homeostasis
This enzymatic activity helps maintain normal histamine balance and supports gastrointestinal and immune homeostasis.

1. As a functional food ingredient

Low histamine/histamine friendly food: DAO is used as a processing aid or directly added to specific foods to help degrade histamine produced during fermentation, aging, or storage. For example, used for:

Fermented food: cheese (especially aged cheese), pickled Chinese cabbage, sausage, soy sauce, wine, etc.

Seafood products: canned or pre processed fish.

Functional drinks: "Digestive aid" drinks or yogurt with DAO added.

2. As a dietary supplement/health supplement

This is currently the most core application area, mainly targeting individuals with histamine intolerance.

Core function: Oral supplementation of exogenous DAO helps break down dietary histamine in the intestine and alleviate histamine intolerance symptoms caused by insufficient DAO activity.

1. Clear mechanism of action and strong targeting ability

Enzymatic specificity: DAO specifically degrades diamines such as histamine and putrescine, and does not participate in other biochemical metabolic pathways. Its target of action is clear, unlike antihistamines that act on histamine receptors throughout the body. Therefore, it is considered a more "physiological" management approach.

2. High safety and good tolerance

Essentially a protein: DAO is an enzyme protein that, after completing its catalytic action, is broken down into amino acids in the gastrointestinal tract for absorption or excretion, and does not enter the systemic circulation.

Derived from safe raw materials: Pig kidney is a traditional and mature enzyme extraction source, with a mature process. There are also versions produced through pea or microbial fermentation in modern times to meet different dietary preferences (such as vegetarians and religious taboos).

3. Quick onset, use as needed

No need for long-term accumulation: Unlike supplements that take weeks to establish effectiveness, DAO can start working in the gut after taking it, making it suitable for "on-demand" use and highly flexible.

4. Meet specific health needs

Addressing unmet needs: Histamine intolerance is a common but underdiagnosed problem, and DAO supplements provide a non pharmacological solution for this population.

Improving quality of life: helping sensitive populations expand their dietary choices, reduce fear and anxiety about food, and enjoy richer social dining options

Q1. What is diamine oxidase?

Diamine oxidase (DAO) is the core enzyme in human metabolism of histamine. It is mainly secreted by intestinal mucosal cells and can also be produced in the kidneys (also known as renal amine oxidase KAO) and placenta. It can break down histamine before it is absorbed by the body and is a key substance in regulating histamine levels in the body.

Q2: What foods are high in DAO?
A: Generally speaking, sprouted beans, especially peas (Pisum sativum) and small beans, are one of the most abundant natural sources of exogenous DAO, followed by animal kidneys. These are also the two main sources of this product at present.

Q3: Where do DAO supplements come from?

A: The main source of DAO supplements is pig kidney protein extract, which is also the mainstream source of supplementation for DAO deficiency; In countries such as Spain, Germany, France, and China, DAO supplements derived from plants have also been developed, which can meet the supplementation needs of vegetarian/vegan populations or those who do not consume pork due to socio-cultural reasons.

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